Ativismo transnacional e mobilização de atores políticos acionados pela hashtag #palestine no conflito russo-ucraniano
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21878/compolitica.2023.13.1.653Palavras-chave:
Conflito palestino-israelense; Ucrânia; Ciberativismo; Memes; Comunicação visual.Resumo
Este artigo investiga o compartilhamento de imagens no Twitter relativas à causa palestina de maneira associada à cobertura do conflito russo-ucraniano. O objetivo é compreender a configuração de tais imagens, os elementos que as mobilizam e as demandas que difundem nas mídias digitais. Para tanto, partiu-se do levantamento de imagens compartilhadas com a hashtag #palestine ao longo do primeiro mês do conflito. Argumenta-se que a principal demanda presente nesses tweets diz respeito às distintas formas como a mídia e os agentes políticos internacionais significam os conflitos e os combatentes. Além disso, a atual repercussão do conflito na Ucrânia tem sido utilizada estrategicamente para apresentar a questão palestina para públicos mais amplos, em uma mobilização sistemática da lógica algorítmica do Twitter.
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MOROZOV, Evgeny. Big Tech: a ascensão dos dados e a morte da política. São Paulo: Ubu Editora, 2018
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SONTAG, Susan. Diante da dor dos outros. São Paulo: Editora Companhia das Letras, Versão digital, 2012.
TAWIL-SOURI, Helga; AOURAGH, Miriyam. Intifada 3.0? Cyber colonialism and Palestinian resistance. The Arab Studies Journal, v. 22, n. 1, p. 102-133, 2014.
VENGATTIL, Munsif; CULLIFORD, Elizabeth. Facebook allows war posts urging violence against Russian invaders. Reuters, 11 de mar. 2022. Disponível em: <https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/exclusive-facebook-instagram-temporarily-allow-calls-violence-against-russians-2022-03-10/> Acesso em 19 de mai. de 2022.
WALTZ, Mitzi. Alternative and Activist Media. Edimburgo: Edinburgh University Press, 2005.
WHITE, Nadine. The racial bias in western media’s Ukraine coverage is shameful. Independent, 28 de fev. 2022. Disponível em: <https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/ukraine-refugees-racial-bias-western-media-b2024864.html?utm_campaign=later-linkinbio-the.independent&utm_content=later-25054774&utm_medium=social&utm_source=linkin.bio> Acesso em 11 de abr. de 2022.
WOLFSFELD, Gadi; SEGEV, Elad; SHEAFER, Tamir. Social media and the Arab Spring: Politics comes first. The International Journal of Press/Politics, v. 18, n. 2, p. 115-137, 2013.
ZUBOFF, Shoshana. A era do capitalismo de vigilância. Editora Intrínseca, 2021.
AOURAGH, Miriyam. Palestine online: Transnationalism, the Internet and the construction of identity. Londres: IB Tauris, 2011.
ASTHANA, Sanjay; HAVANDJIAN, Nishan. Palestinian youth media and the pedagogies of estrangement. Palgrave Macmillan: Springer, 2016.
BARASSI, Veronica. Activism on the web: Everyday struggles against digital capitalism. Routledge, 2015.
BARBOSA, Ana Mae. A imagem no ensino da arte. Editora Perspectiva SA, 2020.
BAUER, Martin W.; AARTS, Bas. A construção do corpus: um princípio para a coleta de dados qualitativos. In: BAUER, Martin W.; GASKELL, George (ed.). Pesquisa qualitativa com texto, imagem e som: um manual prático. Petropólis: Editora Vozes, p. 39- 63, 2008.
BAYAT, Asef. Life as Politics: How Ordinary People Change the Middle East.. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009.
BAYOUMI, Mustafa. They are ‘civilised’ and ‘look like us’: the racist coverage of Ukraine, The Guardian, 2 de mar. de 2022. Disponível em: <https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/mar/02/civilised-european-look-like-us-racist-coverage-ukraine> Acesso em 11 de abr. de 2022.
BISHARA, Amahl. New media and political change in the Occupied Palestinian territories: Assembling media worlds and cultivating networks of care. Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication, v. 3, n.1, 2010, p. 63-81.
CAMMAERTS, Bart; MATTONI; Alice; MCCURDY, Patrick. Mediation and Protest Movements. Bristol; Wilmington, 2013.
CASTELLS, Manuel. Communication Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
CANDÓN-MENA, José. EYZAGUIRRE, Lucía Benítez. Introducción: Movimientos Sociales, Tecnología Y Democracia. Una Relación Conflictiva. In: CANDÓN-MENA, José. EYZAGUIRRE, Lucía Benítez (ed.) Activismo digital y nuevos modos de ciudadanía: Una mirada global. Barcelona: Institut de la Comunicació, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona(InCom-UAB), 2016, p. 7-12.
CHOULIARAKI, Lilie. Digital witnessing in conflict zones: The politics of remediation. Information, Communication & Society, v. 18, n. 11, p. 1362-1377, 2015.
COLLINS, John. Global Palestine: A collision for our time. Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies, v. 16, n. 1, p. 3-18, 2007.
COTTLE, Simon. Media and the Arab uprisings of 2011. Journalism, v. 12, n. 5, p. 647-659, 2011.
D’AGATA, Charlie. Declaração, CBS, 27 de fevereiro de 2022. Disponível em: <https://twitter.com/i/status/1497819278686527488> . Acesso em: 23 de mar. de 2022.
FAULKNER, Simon; VIS, Farida; D’ORAZIO, Francesco. Analysing Social Media Images. In: BURGESS, Jean; MARWICK, Alice; POELL, Thomas (Ed.). The SAGE handbook of social media. California: Sage, 2017, p. 159-178
HALL, Stuart. Cultura e representação. Rio de Janeiro: PUC, 2016.
HALLWARD, Maia. Transnational activism and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Springer, 2013.
HAUGBOLLE, Sune. Naji al-ali and the iconography of arab secularism. In: GRUBER, Christiane; HAUGBOLLE, Sune (org.). Visual Culture in the Modern Middle East: Rhetoric of the image. Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2013, p. 231–255.
HOCHBERG, Gil Z. Visual occupations: violence and visibility in a conflict zone. Londres: Duke University Press, 2015.
HOPKE, Jill E. Hashtagging politics: Transnational anti-fracking movement Twitter practices. Social Media+ Society, v. 1, n. 2, 2015.
JENKINS, Henry. Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide. 2nd Revised ed. New York: New York University Press, 2008.
KECK, Margaret E; SIKKINK, Kathryn. Activists beyond borders: Advocacy networks in international politics. Cornell University Press, 1998.
KHATIB, Lina. Image politics in the Middle East: The role of the visual in political struggle. Nova Iorque: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012.
KUNTSMAN, Adi; STEIN, Rebecca L. Digital Militarism: Israel’s Occupation in the Social Media Age. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 2015.
LIEVROUW, Leah. Alternative and activist new media. Cambridge: Polity, 2011.
LIVINGSTONE, Sonia. On the Mediation of Everything. Journal of Communication v. 59, p. 1–18, 2009.
MARROW, Alexander. Russia says Israel offered to mediate in Ukraine crisis, Reuters, 27 de fev. de 2022. Disponível em: <https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-sends-aid-ukraine-pm-stays-quiet-possible-mediation-role-2022-02-27/>. Acesso: 13 de out. de 2022.
MCCHESNEY, Robert W. Digital Disconnect. New York: The New Press, 2013.
MILTNER, Kate M. Internet Memes. In: BURGESS, Jean; MARWICK, Alice; POELL, Thomas (Ed.). The SAGE handbook of social media. California: Sage, 2017, p. 412-428
MOROZOV, Evgeny. Big Tech: a ascensão dos dados e a morte da política. São Paulo: Ubu Editora, 2018
MORTENSEN, Mette. Journalism and eyewitness images: Digital media, participation, and conflict. Routledge, 2014.
OTT, Robert William. Ensinando crítica nos museus. In: BARBOSA, Ana Mae (Org.). Arte-educação: Leituras no subsolo. São Paulo: Cortez, 1997.
RODRIGUEZ, Clemencia. Civil Society and Citizens Media: Peace Architects for the New Millennium. In: WILKINS, Karin Gwinn (org.) Redeveloping Communication for Social Change: Theory, Practice, and Power. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2000, p. 147–160.
SAID, Edward W. Orientalismo: o Oriente como invenção do Ocidente. São Paulo: Editora Companhia das Letras, 2007.
SEO, Hyunjin; KINSEY, Dennis F. Meaning of democracy around the world: A thematic and structural analysis of videos defining democracy. Visual Communication Quarterly, v. 19, n. 2, p. 94-107, 2012.
SODRÉ, Muniz. A sociedade incivil: mídia, iliberalismo e finanças. Editora Vozes, 2021.
SONTAG, Susan. Diante da dor dos outros. São Paulo: Editora Companhia das Letras, Versão digital, 2012.
TAWIL-SOURI, Helga; AOURAGH, Miriyam. Intifada 3.0? Cyber colonialism and Palestinian resistance. The Arab Studies Journal, v. 22, n. 1, p. 102-133, 2014.
VENGATTIL, Munsif; CULLIFORD, Elizabeth. Facebook allows war posts urging violence against Russian invaders. Reuters, 11 de mar. 2022. Disponível em: <https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/exclusive-facebook-instagram-temporarily-allow-calls-violence-against-russians-2022-03-10/> Acesso em 19 de mai. de 2022.
WALTZ, Mitzi. Alternative and Activist Media. Edimburgo: Edinburgh University Press, 2005.
WHITE, Nadine. The racial bias in western media’s Ukraine coverage is shameful. Independent, 28 de fev. 2022. Disponível em: <https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/ukraine-refugees-racial-bias-western-media-b2024864.html?utm_campaign=later-linkinbio-the.independent&utm_content=later-25054774&utm_medium=social&utm_source=linkin.bio> Acesso em 11 de abr. de 2022.
WOLFSFELD, Gadi; SEGEV, Elad; SHEAFER, Tamir. Social media and the Arab Spring: Politics comes first. The International Journal of Press/Politics, v. 18, n. 2, p. 115-137, 2013.
ZUBOFF, Shoshana. A era do capitalismo de vigilância. Editora Intrínseca, 2021.
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2023-11-30
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Ramos, D. O., & Baldin, V. P. (2023). Ativismo transnacional e mobilização de atores políticos acionados pela hashtag #palestine no conflito russo-ucraniano. Compolítica, 13(1), 77–98. https://doi.org/10.21878/compolitica.2023.13.1.653
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