Apoiando a questão atual
Humor depreciativo e alteridade por meio de memes de internet
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21878/compolitica.2023.13.1.663Palavras-chave:
Memes, Humor depreciativo, Politicamente corretoResumo
Este trabalho propõe uma análise do meme “Eu apoio a questão atual” (I Support the Current Thing, ISTCT), explorando suas origens, significados e usos. Apesar de ser utilizado como uma piada, o meme desumaniza usuários de redes sociais que não compartilham a mesma visão ideológica daqueles que o compartilham por meio de humor depreciativo. A partir de estudos psicanalíticos e de humor, o trabalho utiliza a análise visual crítica para investigar imagens coletadas com o auxílio de um API de Instagram. A análise indica que os aspectos desumanizantes e cínicos do meme auxiliam na normalização de preconceitos com aqueles que têm visões políticas discordantes de quem o compartilha. O trabalho também revela que a estrutura do chiste está imbricada na construção do meme, mascarando perspectivas ideológicas por meio do humor.
Referências
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BILLIG, Michael. Laughter and ridicule. London: Sage, 2005.
BÖRZSEI, Linda. Makes a meme instead: a concise history of internet memes. New Media Studies Magazine, [s. l.], v. 7, p. 1-29, 2013.
BRISTOW, Daniel. Unconscious. In: BUTLER, Rex (ed.). The Žižek Dictionary. London: Routledge, 2015. p. 254-258.
BURNHAM, Clint. Does the internet have an unconscious? Slavoj Žižek and Digital Culture. New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2018.
CHAGAS, Viktor. Da memética aos estudos sobre memes: uma revisão da literatura concernente ao campo nas últimas cinco décadas (1976 – 2019). In: CHAGAS, Viktor. A cultura dos memes. Salvador: EDUFBA, 2020. p. 23-78.
CHRISTENSEN, Henrik Serup. Political activities on the internet: slacktivism or political participation by other means? First Monday, [s. l.], v. 16, n. 2, 2011. Disponível em: http://firstmonday.org/article/view/3336/2767. Acesso em: 4 ago. 2022.
D’ANASTASIO, Cecilia. How the ‘NPC’ meme tries to dehumanize ‘SJWs’. Kotaku, [s. l.], 5 out. 2018. Disponível em: https://kotaku.com/how-the-npc-meme-tries-to-dehumanize-sjws-1829552261. Acesso em: 4 ago. 2022.
DAFAURE, Maxime. The “great meme war”: the alt-right and its multifarious enemies. Angles, [s. l.], v. 10, p. 1-28, 2020.
DAWKINS, Richard. The selfish gene. New York: Oxford University Press Inc., 2006.
FIELITZ, Maik; AHMED, Reem. It's not funny anymore: far-right extremists' use of humour. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2021.
FORD, Thomas. The social consequences of disparagement humor: introduction and overview. Humor, [s. l.], v. 28, n. 2, p. 163-169, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/humor-2015-0016.
FORD, Thomas. Humor and prejudice. In: ATTARDO, Salvatore (ed.). Encyclopedia of humor studies. London: Sage, 2014. p. 594-596.
FORD, Thomas et al. Diminished self-concept and social exclusion: disparagement humor from the Target's perspective. Self and Identity, [s. l.], v. 19, n. 6, p. 1-21, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2019.1653960.
FORD, Thomas et al. Disparagement humor and prejudice: contemporary theory and research. Humor, [s. l.], v. 28, n. 2, p. 171-186, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/humor-2015-0017.
FREUD, Sigmund. Humor. In: STRACHEY, James (ed.). The future of an illusion civilization and its discontents and other works. London: The Hogarth Press and The Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1961 [1927]. p. 159-166. (The Standard Edition of The Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, v. XXI.)
FREUD, Sigmund. September 11, 1899. In: MASSON, Jeffrey Moussaieff (ed.). The complete letters of Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fliess, 1887-1904. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1985 [1955]. p. 340-401.
FREUD, Sigmund. The interpretation of dreams. New York: Basic Books, 2010.
FREUD, Sigmund. Wit and its relation to the unconscious. New York: Moffat, Yard and Company, 1916.
KNAPP, Ivan. Meme-work: psychoanalysis and the alt-right. 2021. Tese (Doutorado em Psicologia) – University College London, London, 2021.
LEE, Yu-Hao; HSIEH, Gary. Does slacktivism hurt activism? The effect of moral balancing and consistency on online activism. In: SPECIAL INTEREST GROUP ON COMPUTER-HUMAN INTERACTION (SIGCHI), 2013, Paris. Proceedings […]. New York: Association for Computing Machinery, 2013. p. 811-820.
LEWIS, Helen. The Joke's on us. The Atlantic, [s. l.], 30 set. 2020. Disponível em: https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/09/how-memes-lulz-and-ironic-bigotry-won-internet/616427/. Acesso em: 4 ago. 2022.
MOSS, Jordan; O'CONNOR, Peter. Political correctness and the alt-right: the development of extreme political attitudes. PLoS ONE, [s. l.], v. 15, n. 10, p. 1-22, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239259.
ORING, Elliott. What Freud actually said about jokes. In: ORING, Elliott. Joking asides: the theory, analysis, and aesthetics of humor. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2016. p. 3-15.
PROOIJEN, Jan-Willem van. The psychology of political polarization. New York: Routledge, 2021.
READ, Max. What is “The Current Thing”? Slate, New York, 9 maio 2022. Disponível em: https://slate.com/technology/2022/05/current-thing-meme-twitter-elon-musk-marc-andreessen.html. Acesso em: 4 ago. 2022.
ROOSE, Kevin. What is NPC, the pro-Trump internet's new favorite insult? The New York Times, New York, 16 out. 2018. Disponível em: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/16/us/politics/npc-twitter-ban.html. Acesso em: 4 ago. 2022.
ROSE, Gillian. Visual methodologies. London: Sage, 2016.
SHIFMAN, Limor. Humor in the age of digital reproduction: continuity and change in internet-based comic texts. International Journal of Communication, Los Angeles, v. 1, p. 187-207, 2007. DOI: 1932-8036/20070187.
SHIFMAN, Limor. Memes. In: PETERS, Benjamin (ed.). Digital keywords. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016. p. 197-205.
SHIFMAN, Limor. Memes in digital culture. Cambridge: MIT Press Essential Knowledge, 2014a.
SHIFMAN, Limor. The cultural logic of photo-based meme genres. Journal of Visual Culture, London, v. 13, n. 3, p. 340-358, 2014b. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1470412914546577.
SOMMERLAD, Joe. What is an NPC? The liberal-bashing meme sweeping social media ahead of the US midterms. Independent, [s. l.], 17 out. 2018. Disponível em: https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/npc-meme-right-wing-trolls-liberals-donald-trump-twitter-insults-republicans-a8588036.html. Acesso em: 4 ago. 2022.
WIGGINS, Bradley. The discursive power of memes in digital culture. New York: Routledge, 2019.
ŽIŽEK, Slavoj. The sublime object of ideology. London: Verso, 2008.
BILLIG, Michael. Laughter and ridicule. London: Sage, 2005.
BÖRZSEI, Linda. Makes a meme instead: a concise history of internet memes. New Media Studies Magazine, [s. l.], v. 7, p. 1-29, 2013.
BRISTOW, Daniel. Unconscious. In: BUTLER, Rex (ed.). The Žižek Dictionary. London: Routledge, 2015. p. 254-258.
BURNHAM, Clint. Does the internet have an unconscious? Slavoj Žižek and Digital Culture. New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2018.
CHAGAS, Viktor. Da memética aos estudos sobre memes: uma revisão da literatura concernente ao campo nas últimas cinco décadas (1976 – 2019). In: CHAGAS, Viktor. A cultura dos memes. Salvador: EDUFBA, 2020. p. 23-78.
CHRISTENSEN, Henrik Serup. Political activities on the internet: slacktivism or political participation by other means? First Monday, [s. l.], v. 16, n. 2, 2011. Disponível em: http://firstmonday.org/article/view/3336/2767. Acesso em: 4 ago. 2022.
D’ANASTASIO, Cecilia. How the ‘NPC’ meme tries to dehumanize ‘SJWs’. Kotaku, [s. l.], 5 out. 2018. Disponível em: https://kotaku.com/how-the-npc-meme-tries-to-dehumanize-sjws-1829552261. Acesso em: 4 ago. 2022.
DAFAURE, Maxime. The “great meme war”: the alt-right and its multifarious enemies. Angles, [s. l.], v. 10, p. 1-28, 2020.
DAWKINS, Richard. The selfish gene. New York: Oxford University Press Inc., 2006.
FIELITZ, Maik; AHMED, Reem. It's not funny anymore: far-right extremists' use of humour. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2021.
FORD, Thomas. The social consequences of disparagement humor: introduction and overview. Humor, [s. l.], v. 28, n. 2, p. 163-169, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/humor-2015-0016.
FORD, Thomas. Humor and prejudice. In: ATTARDO, Salvatore (ed.). Encyclopedia of humor studies. London: Sage, 2014. p. 594-596.
FORD, Thomas et al. Diminished self-concept and social exclusion: disparagement humor from the Target's perspective. Self and Identity, [s. l.], v. 19, n. 6, p. 1-21, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2019.1653960.
FORD, Thomas et al. Disparagement humor and prejudice: contemporary theory and research. Humor, [s. l.], v. 28, n. 2, p. 171-186, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/humor-2015-0017.
FREUD, Sigmund. Humor. In: STRACHEY, James (ed.). The future of an illusion civilization and its discontents and other works. London: The Hogarth Press and The Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1961 [1927]. p. 159-166. (The Standard Edition of The Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, v. XXI.)
FREUD, Sigmund. September 11, 1899. In: MASSON, Jeffrey Moussaieff (ed.). The complete letters of Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fliess, 1887-1904. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1985 [1955]. p. 340-401.
FREUD, Sigmund. The interpretation of dreams. New York: Basic Books, 2010.
FREUD, Sigmund. Wit and its relation to the unconscious. New York: Moffat, Yard and Company, 1916.
KNAPP, Ivan. Meme-work: psychoanalysis and the alt-right. 2021. Tese (Doutorado em Psicologia) – University College London, London, 2021.
LEE, Yu-Hao; HSIEH, Gary. Does slacktivism hurt activism? The effect of moral balancing and consistency on online activism. In: SPECIAL INTEREST GROUP ON COMPUTER-HUMAN INTERACTION (SIGCHI), 2013, Paris. Proceedings […]. New York: Association for Computing Machinery, 2013. p. 811-820.
LEWIS, Helen. The Joke's on us. The Atlantic, [s. l.], 30 set. 2020. Disponível em: https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/09/how-memes-lulz-and-ironic-bigotry-won-internet/616427/. Acesso em: 4 ago. 2022.
MOSS, Jordan; O'CONNOR, Peter. Political correctness and the alt-right: the development of extreme political attitudes. PLoS ONE, [s. l.], v. 15, n. 10, p. 1-22, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239259.
ORING, Elliott. What Freud actually said about jokes. In: ORING, Elliott. Joking asides: the theory, analysis, and aesthetics of humor. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2016. p. 3-15.
PROOIJEN, Jan-Willem van. The psychology of political polarization. New York: Routledge, 2021.
READ, Max. What is “The Current Thing”? Slate, New York, 9 maio 2022. Disponível em: https://slate.com/technology/2022/05/current-thing-meme-twitter-elon-musk-marc-andreessen.html. Acesso em: 4 ago. 2022.
ROOSE, Kevin. What is NPC, the pro-Trump internet's new favorite insult? The New York Times, New York, 16 out. 2018. Disponível em: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/16/us/politics/npc-twitter-ban.html. Acesso em: 4 ago. 2022.
ROSE, Gillian. Visual methodologies. London: Sage, 2016.
SHIFMAN, Limor. Humor in the age of digital reproduction: continuity and change in internet-based comic texts. International Journal of Communication, Los Angeles, v. 1, p. 187-207, 2007. DOI: 1932-8036/20070187.
SHIFMAN, Limor. Memes. In: PETERS, Benjamin (ed.). Digital keywords. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016. p. 197-205.
SHIFMAN, Limor. Memes in digital culture. Cambridge: MIT Press Essential Knowledge, 2014a.
SHIFMAN, Limor. The cultural logic of photo-based meme genres. Journal of Visual Culture, London, v. 13, n. 3, p. 340-358, 2014b. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1470412914546577.
SOMMERLAD, Joe. What is an NPC? The liberal-bashing meme sweeping social media ahead of the US midterms. Independent, [s. l.], 17 out. 2018. Disponível em: https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/npc-meme-right-wing-trolls-liberals-donald-trump-twitter-insults-republicans-a8588036.html. Acesso em: 4 ago. 2022.
WIGGINS, Bradley. The discursive power of memes in digital culture. New York: Routledge, 2019.
ŽIŽEK, Slavoj. The sublime object of ideology. London: Verso, 2008.
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Publicado
2023-11-30
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Costa, T. (2023). Apoiando a questão atual: Humor depreciativo e alteridade por meio de memes de internet. Compolítica, 13(1), 57–76. https://doi.org/10.21878/compolitica.2023.13.1.663
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